Polonnaruwa: The Glorious Ancient Kingdom of Sri Lanka
Polonnaruwa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, stands as a testament to Sri Lanka's rich cultural and architectural heritage. As the second capital of ancient Sri Lanka after Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa rose to prominence in the 11th century and remained a center of power and culture for over two centuries. The kingdom's well-planned city, awe-inspiring constructions, and visionary rulers make it a cornerstone of Sri Lankan history.
The Rise of Polonnaruwa
Polonnaruwa became the capital during the reign of King Vijayabahu I (1055–1110 CE). After defeating the Chola invaders who had ruled Sri Lanka for nearly 75 years, he established Polonnaruwa as the administrative and cultural hub. The city’s strategic location near the Mahaweli River facilitated trade, agriculture, and defense.
Notable Kings and Their Contributions
King Vijayabahu I (1055–1110 CE)
Restored Sri Lanka’s sovereignty by overthrowing the Chola rulers.
Initiated the revival of Buddhism and reconstructed temples destroyed during the invasions.
King Parakramabahu I (1153–1186 CE)
Known as “Parakramabahu the Great,” his reign marked the zenith of Polonnaruwa’s glory.
Undertook massive irrigation projects, including the construction of the Parakrama Samudra, a reservoir that exemplifies his vision of water management.
Built numerous religious monuments, including the Rankoth Vehera and the Lankatilaka Vihara.
King Nissankamalla (1187–1196 CE)
Focused on beautifying the city and reinforcing its grandeur.
Constructed the Gal Potha (Stone Book) and several other structures highlighting his achievements.
Religious Culture in Polonnaruwa
Buddhism flourished during the Polonnaruwa period, shaping much of the kingdom’s cultural and architectural achievements. Temples, monasteries, and stupas were built to reflect the devotion of its kings and people. The Gal Viharaya stands as a shining example of Buddhist
artistry, with its serene Buddha statues symbolizing enlightenment and tranquility.Hindu influences also played a significant role due to South Indian interactions. Shrines dedicated to Hindu deities, such as the Shiva Devalaya, coexist with Buddhist monuments, showcasing the kingdom’s religious tolerance and diversity.
Monastic institutions like the Alahana Pirivena served as centers of learning and spiritual development. These institutions fostered religious scholarship and spread Buddhist teachings far and wide.
Agriculture and Technological Innovations
Agriculture formed the backbone of Polonnaruwa’s economy, with advanced irrigation systems playing a vital role. The construction of reservoirs, known as "Wewa", ensured water storage and distribution throughout the year. The Parakrama Samudraya, an engineering marvel, exemplifies the sophisticated hydrological knowledge of the time. Spanning over 2,500 hectares, this massive reservoir not only supported farming but also mitigated the risk of droughts,
embodying King Parakramabahu’s principle that “Not even a drop of water should flow into the ocean without being used productively.”
The city’s irrigation network included canals, sluices, and feeder reservoirs, creating a sustainable agricultural system. This allowed Polonnaruwa to thrive as a center of trade and self-sufficiency, contributing to its prosperity.
Dagabas, or stupas, like the Rankoth Vehera and Kiri Vehera, not only served as religious edifices but also symbolized technological and architectural ingenuity. These towering structures were constructed with precision, using brick masonry and innovative techniques that have withstood the test of time. The dagabas stand as a testament to the kingdom’s ability to integrate spiritual and practical aspects into its constructions.
War Attacks and Civil States
Polonnaruwa’s history was marked by both external invasions and internal conflicts. The Chola invasion in the 10th century led to significant destruction, but it also set the stage for Polonnaruwa’s rise as a stronghold of resistance. King Vijayabahu I’s successful campaign against the Cholas restored the island’s independence and ushered in a period of reconstruction and stability.
Later, during King Parakramabahu reign, military expeditions extended to neighboring regions, including South India and Burma, emphasizing the kingdom’s ambition and strength. However, successive rulers faced challenges from invading forces, particularly from South India, which eventually contributed to the kingdom’s decline.
Internally, Polonnaruwa experienced periods of civil unrest as rival factions vied for power. These struggles sometimes disrupted governance and weakened the kingdom, leaving it vulnerable to external threats.
Architectural Marvels of Polonnaruwa
Polonnaruwa is home to an array of cultural and architectural wonders that showcase the ingenuity and craftsmanship of ancient Sri Lanka:
The Gal Viharaya
A rock temple featuring four stunning Buddha statues carved into granite.
The seated, standing, and reclining Buddhas reflect serene expressions and intricate artistry.
Parakrama Samudraya
A vast reservoir covering over 2,500 hectares, built to ensure year-round irrigation.
Its construction reflects the kingdom’s advanced understanding of hydrology.
Vatadage
A circular relic house believed to enshrine the Sacred Tooth Relic of the Buddha.
Decorated with elaborately carved stone guard stones, moonstones, and balustrades.
Lankatilaka Viharaya
A colossal brick structure housing a massive Buddha statue.
The towering walls and intricate frescoes emphasize the grandeur of the site.
Royal Palace Complex
The centerpiece of King Parakramabahu I’s city, featuring a multi-storied palace and administrative buildings.
The ruins hint at the scale and sophistication of royal life.
The Decline of Polonnaruwa
The kingdom began to decline in the late 13th century due to invasions and internal strife. By the end of the century, Polonnaruwa was abandoned as the capital, and the administrative center shifted southward. Despite its decline, the city’s ruins continue to speak of its former magnificence.
Legacy of Polonnaruwa
Today, Polonnaruwa remains a treasure trove for historians, archaeologists, and travelers. Its blend of Sinhalese, Hindu, and South Indian architectural styles offers insight into the island’s diverse cultural influences. Visitors to Polonnaruwa can walk among the ruins and imagine the vibrancy of a city that was once the heart of Sri Lanka.
In exploring Polonnaruwa, one not only uncovers the grandeur of its kings but also gains a profound appreciation for the resilience and creativity of ancient Sri Lankan civilization.